● The angiosperms show a large diversity in external structure or morphology, still there are characteristic parts common in all plants:

i) An `color{Brown}"above ground Shoot system"` with

`star` `color{Violet}"Stems"` for conduction and support.

`star` `color{Violet}"Leaves"` for photosynthesis.

`star` `color{Violet}"Flowers"` with reproductive organs.

`star` `color{Violet}"Fruits"` with seeds for perpetuation

ii) An `color{Brown}"underground Root system"` with

`star` `color{Violet}"Roots"` for absorption and anchorage.

● When male (pollen) and female (egg) gamete `color{Violet}"fertilise"`, it leads to the production of `color{Violet}"seeds"`.

● The seed contains the `color{Violet}"embryo"` of the new plant, stored energy supply in the `color{Violet}"endosperm"`, and a `color{Violet}"seed coat"`.

● Under the proper environmental conditions, the seed begins to `color{Violet}"germinate"`.

● All structural components of the grass seedling arise from the embryo.

● The `color{Violet}"endosperm"` provides a `color{Violet}"quick source of energy (sugars)"` for the developmental process, whereas the `color{Violet}"cotyledon (rich in fats and oils)"` provides energy for later stages of development.

● The embryo has one cotyledon in monocot plants and two cotyledons in dicot plants.

● Germination is considered complete when the `color{Violet}"radicle"` (which becomes the primary root) ruptures the `color{Violet}"coleorhiza"` (root sheath) and emerges from the seed.

● The `color{Violet}"plumule"` is the embryonic shoot.

● Grass seedlings have an important structure called a `color{Violet}"coleoptile"` which protects and pushes the plumule through the soil.

● `color{Violet}"Apical meristem"` at the end of the plumule and radicle form new plant cells.

● It is the `color{Violet}"radicle"` of the embryo of a seed that gives rise to the root system.



● `color{Brown}"General Characteristics of Roots"`:

`star` Roots do not bear any `color{Violet}"bud"`.

`star` They bear no nodes and internodes.

`star` They are positively `color{Violet}"geotropic"` and `color{Violet}"hydrotropic"` and negatively `color{Violet}"phototropic"`.

`star` They are generally found `color{Violet}"underground"` and `color{Violet}"non-green"` in color.

● `color{Brown}"Functions of Root System"`

`star` `color{Violet}"Absorption"` of water and minerals from the soil.

`star` Providing a proper `color{Violet}"Anchorage"` to the plant parts.

`star` `color{Violet}"Storage"` of reserve food material.

`star` Synthesis of `color{Violet}"plant growth regulators"`.